LIST oF MARINe ISoPoDS ReCoRDeD FRoM INDoNeSIAN WATeRS

A list of marine isopods recorded from Indonesia has been compiled from the literature published between 1857 and 2012 as well as from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense’s collections and current expeditions. To date, 225 marine species from 97 genera and 19 families have been recorded from Indonesia with two parasitic families Cymothoidae and Bopyridae showing the largest number of species: 63 and 41, respectively. As for the sampling sites, waters surrounding Java, Maluku and Sulawesi have been investigated most intensively with 55, 51, and 40 records, respectively. The most comprehensive publication of marine isopods in Indonesia has been that by Nierstrasz (1931). In terms of role as bioindicators, Sphaeroma and Dynamenella have been discovered to survive in polluted waters in Jakarta Bay, suggesting their potential use as bioindicators of water pollution. Future research on basic taxonomy of isopods in Indonesia as well as their ecological functions are recommended.

(micropredators, predators and scavengers), parasites and filter feeders (Poore and Bruce, 2012).Species of Sphaeromatidae are considered to be detritus feeders or browsers, while most species of Cirolanidae are scavengers and used for commercial purpose to clean shark carcasses to get its cartilage (Poore and Bruce, 2012;Bruce, 2004).Isopods are also potential bioindicators of water pollution and coral reef health (Lee, 1977;Jameson et al., 1998).
Indonesia is a region with great marine faunal diversity, for example, eastern Indonesia which is a major part of the Coral Triangle (CT).The highest richness in the CT has been recorded in the Bird's Head Peninsula of Indonesian Papua with 574 out of 605 species of zooanthellate coral species (Veron et al., 2009).The CT is also the epicenter for many other marine organisms (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2009), including very high numbers of undescribed species of crustaceans (De Grave, 2001and Meyer et al., 2005in Veron et al., 2009).Isopods whose several families are associated with coral reefs are

INTRoDUCTIoN
Research on marine isopods in Indonesia has received little attention for decades, the most recent overview being that of Nierstrasz (1931) in the reports of Siboga Expedition.Few publications or collected specimens have been available for this region.For the last three decades, there are only less than twenty publications on Indonesian marine isopods (e.g.Bruce, 2008;Cookson et al., 2012;Negoescu, 1997;Yuniar and Palm, 2007).Similarly, the isopod collection held by the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) only consists of less than twenty registrations.They mostly come from either old expeditions or current collections.In addition, most of the available collections has not been identified to the species level.
Marine isopod demonstrates both important ecological roles and anthropocentric potentials.Their ecological roles have been discussed in relation to their diverse feeding modes, including their roles as detritus feeders, browsers, carnivores expected to demonstrate the trend as well, as has been found in Papua New Guinea at Madang (e.g.Bruce, 1995;1997).
The objective of this paper is to provide list of marine isopod species recorded from the Indonesian waters with a brief review and to identify areas in need of future research.

MATeRIAL AND MeTHoDS
All data were compiled from primary sources, i.e. current expeditions (e.g.Cookson et al., 2012) and MZB's collections (Sidabalok, unpublished data) and secondary sources, i.e. the literature from 1857 to 2012 and records from Smithsonian Institution (Schotte et al., 1995) and World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS: Schotte et al., 2008).The species identification in the primary sources was mostly based on the author's own examination, referring to the papers, e.g. Bruce (1986Bruce ( , 1987Bruce ( , 1995)), and Harrison and Ellis (1991).
As for the literature from 1857 to 2012, the species names and synonymies were verified on the WoRMS database to get the current valid names.All the species names on the list were accepted to be correct by the end of 2012.

ReSULTS
A total of 225 isopod species from 97 genera and 19 families had been recorded throughout the Indonesian waters (Fig. 1 and Table 1).Of these, 45 records were with uncertain localities, particularly those from the Smithsonian list.From the 209 locality records of 7 major islands, the highest percentage of records to the total was found in Java (26%), followed by Maluku and adjacent waters (24%), Sulawesi (19%), Sumatera (10%), Lesser Sunda Islands (10%), Papua (9%), and Kalimantan (2%).The highest species number had been recorded from the family Cymothoidae (63),
The number of publications from 1857 to 2012 was only few (1−2) throughout the period and peaked in 1982 with 3 publications, while the number of species within those publications slightly varied among years (mostly under 10) with a significant exception in 1931 wherein 60 species were described (Fig. 3).A considerable number of new species had been described from this region, particularly between 1857 and 1931 (Fig. 3), with the largest number of 14 in 1857 (Bleeker, 1857).There has been fewer new species described per  year afterwards, with the highest number of 7 in 1997 (Bruce, 1997;Negoescu, 1997).Currently there were 8 expeditions and fieldworks involving marine isopod samplings 2010−2012 (Table 2).

DISCUSSIoN
Java had been the island with the highest number of marine isopod species recorded for the last century.It was apparently due to intensive collecting activities in this region, which may have been contributed by easy access.The presence of many big harbors in the given area facilitated in providing transportation modes for exploring the waters surrounding Java.Maluku and the adjacent waters were the second region with a large number of recorded species partly owing to the report of Siboga Expedition by Nierstrasz (1931) who described 40 isopod species from the eastern Indonesia.The same reason also assigns Sulawesi as the third island in terms of the number of recorded species, in which some records came from nearby straits such as Lembeh Strait which was rich in benthic crustacean species (Shirayama, 2011) and Makassar Strait (e.g.Richardson, 1910;Nierstrasz, 1931).
The two most speciose families, Cymothoidae and Bopyridae, were families composed of parasitic members, while the third-most speciose family, Sphaeromatidae, was a free-living one.The large number of parasitic species in Indonesia, particularly in Cymothoidae, ectoparasites of fishes, was conformable with the fact that Cymothoidae showed the highest diversity in the tropical marine environment (Trilles et al., 2011).Moreover, the Cymothoidae species number in Indonesia was 19.6% (55/280) of the global total (Poore and Bruce, 2012).This was quite remarkable considering not much research had been designated in the diversity of Indonesian marine isopod especially since Siboga Expedition in 1899-1900 (Nierstrasz, 1931).The fewer species number of the speciose and abundant free-living families such as Sphaeromatidae and Cirolanidae may indicate lack of research on the free-living families throughout Indonesia.Higher species number was expected considering the large tropical marine area in Indonesia, i.e. 6.279 million km 2 (Anonymous, 2012).Other possibilities that may add up to the diversity number could be the presence of undescribed and even unsorted specimens stored in overseas museums and future opportunity to explore more various ecosystems and remote habitats.
The number of marine isopod families in Indonesian waters was more than a half (19/37) of the global total (excluding Asellota and crustacean symbionts) (Poore and Bruce, 2012), whereas the total number of marine isopod species in Indonesia was only 3.6% (225/6,250) of the global total (Poore and Niel, 2012), suggesting existence of a large number of still-undescribed species.In terms of habitat depth, 87.6% (197/225) of the recorded species were from shallow water, while 12.4% (28/225) were from the deep-sea (below 100 m) (Table 1).This suggests the necessity of more exploration to the deep-sea region.In terms of the distribution across the oceans, all records have extended distributions in either Indian or Pacific Oceans except for Syscenus infelix Harger, 1880 that reached Atlantic Ocean (Richardson, 1910;Schotte et al., 2008).
Most of the subsequent records came from the small-scale explorations in many specific areas of Indonesia, e.g.Operation Wallacea in Wakatobi Marine National Park, Southeast Sulawesi which discovered one new species (Cookson et al., 2012) and Lengguru-Kaimana Expedition in West Papua (Sidabalok, unpublished data).These and other current expeditions were subjected to discover biodiversity, but isopod collecting was only the minor part.Yet, there has been an important finding from these expeditions, i.e. the possibility to utilize isopods as bioindicators of environmental changes (Sidabalok, unpublished data).This was finding of a research on heavily polluted water in Tanjung Pasir, Jakarta Bay where Sphaeroma sp., was found to be able to survive and even reproduce in such environment.This species was observed inhabiting dead corals on the shore with high exposure of the polluted water.Another species, Dynamenella sp., was found to live in Rambut Island which was only 6.4 km from Tanjung Pasir but with visible clearer water.This species may also be of potential use for bioindicator of pollution in a body of water and its surrounding environment.
Isopods are also potential bioindicators of coral reef diversity as they demonstrates various environmental sensitivity, easy to collect, slow movers, not migrating and not exploited by human.Nevertheless, coral reef isopods are very poorly known in Indonesia while this is the only region that covers both Indian and Pacific Ocean zoogeographic systems (Bruce, pers. comm.), which also forms the Coral Triangle harboring the highest number of coral reef species in the world (Veron et al., 2009).While several species of Corallanidae, Cirolanidae, and Sphaeromatidae have been reported to inhabit dead corals on the shore (Table 1), there has been no record of species associated with live corals.The main constraint of the current expeditions has been the exclusion of SCUBA diving from the sampling activity which limited the opportunity to collect coral-reef associated isopods.Future collaboration with coral reef scientists with proper collection method of associated isopods is recommended.To obtain rich representation of coral-reef associated isopods, it is necessary to prioritize more exploration to the eastern part of Indonesia, e.g.Raja Ampat as part of Coral Triangle with the highest coral species (Veron et al., 2009).
Lastly, in addition to morphological approach as the only current approach to assess isopod diversity in Indonesia, application of molecular technique as an additional approach to clarify the exact diversity of existing and future records is worthy considered.Molecular technique will be particularly useful in revealing cryptic species complex (Poore and Bruce, 2012).For example, some species of the Cirolana parva-group with currently 27 similar species (Poore and Bruce, 2012)  It is also important to conduct future studies to identify the contribution of Indonesian isopod to marine zoogeography of Indonesia, marine fish parasitology, and bioindicator potentials.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of marine isopod distribution in Indonesian waters.Each dot represents record(s) either from one species or more at the particular locality (Map: http://www.geographicguide.com/asia/maps/indonesia.htm).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Number of species of marine isopod families found in Indonesia to date.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Number of species and related publications on marine isopods found in Indonesia to date.

Table 1 .
List of marine isopod species recorded from Indonesia Note: Transborder is a top-down project from Indonesian government; Dikti and PKPP are research projects granted by Ministry of Research and Technology Indonesia.

Table 2 .
Expedition and fieldwork incorporating marine isopod sampling in Indonesia between 2010 and 2012.