RARelY RePoRTed sPeCIes of INdoNesIAN seA CuCuMBeRs

More than 300 sea cucumber species have been recorded from Indonesian waters. This paper presents eight species which have been rarely reported. Actinopyga bannwarthi Panning, 1944, were found among fished sea cucumbers collected by fishermen in Kupang and Karimunjawa. Stichopus pseudohorrens Cherbonnier, 1967, was found in West Timor waters; Thelenota rubralienata Massin & Lane, 1991, and A. caerulea Samyn, Vandenspiegel & Massin, 2006, were collected from the reef in Halmahera, North Maluku. Four other species i.e. Bohadschia atra Massin, Rasolofonirina, Conand, Samyn, 1999; B. subrubra Quoy and Gaimard, 1833; Holothuria (Metriatyla) fuligina Cherbonnier, 1988, and H. (Thymiosycia) gracilis Semper, 1868, were discovered from Lombok waters. The latest mentioned species was also found among fished sea cucumbers in Karimunjawa. All species except T. rubralineata may be new records for Indonesia. In the case of H. (Thymiosycia) gracilis Semper, 1868, it was new record for Lombok waters, following its discovery from West Seram, Central Maluku.


INTRoduCTIoN
Three hundred to 350 sea cucumber species from Indonesian waters have been recorded.More than half of them are collected from the depth of more than 3000 m during Siboga expedition (Sluiter, 1901), and the rest represents shallow water species (Massin, 1996(Massin, , 1999;;Massin & Lane, 1991).Sites where the specimens have been gathered, which then several becomes type localities, are mostly located in Eastern Indonesian waters such as Sulawesi, Maluku and small islands of East Nusa Tenggara.
Several sea cucumber species have been reported to have economic value, and bring benefits to trepang fishers for centuries in many countries (Choo, 2008;Conand, 2008).It was assumed that at least 26 species have ever or still been fished in Indonesian waters (Purwati, 2005).Recently, 18 species which were fished and processed to dried trepang in Karimunjawa, north of Central Java have been recorded (Purwati et al., 2010), from which two species will be presented here.
The utility of resources can be direct, indirect and optional value.It has been decades that sea cucumbers are known to be potential for pharmaceutical and medicines (Lawrence et al., 2009;Takashi et al., 1998;Mourao et al., 1998).As part of biodiversity studies, this report is subjected to drag more attention that trepang fishery which is unregulated in Indonesia, as direct utility, is potential to put more species in depletion or biodiversity loss before they are studied.And considering the vast area of tropical Indonesia, intensive exploration and deeper investigation may lead to a breakthrough on optional values of sea cucumbers for human health.

MATeRIAls ANd MeTHod
Examined specimens are the collection of RC Oceanography, LIPI, Jakarta.Each specimen was identified as E. H. (representing Echinodermata, Holothuroidea) and followed by number of registration.All specimens have been preserved in 70% ethanol when examined, therefore, the individuals were measured in fixed condition (in millimeter).Photographs of specimens were taken either in fresh or fixed condition.
Species were determined based on spicules' type and composition.Isolation and preservation of the spicules from dorsal and ventral body wall referred to what has been done in Wirawati et al. (2007).Only when spicules of the body wall were not convincing, those in the tentacles and papillae were examined.Small cut (up to 1 cm 2 ) of the examined organs was rinsed and placed in small bottles separately, and dipped into domestic bleaching for 10-20 min.Subsequently, the supernatant was removed (left the spiculed on the base of the bottle), whereas the spicules were rinsed 2-3 times with aquadest, then were preserved with 70% ethanol for longer storing.To observe the spicules, 1-2 drops of isolated spicules were put on an objective glass and examined under a compound microscope.Actinopyga bannwarthi : Cherbonnier, 1988 Spicules: Dorsal body wall had simple rosettes and elongated rod-like spiny rosettes.Ventral spicules were similar to dorsal but with large and less spiny rods.
diagnosis -Body uniformly brown with small papillae scattered all over the dorsal surface.
Yellow spots present and scattered on the base of papillae.The ventral surface was light-brown with small tube feet spread without alignment.White spot were present on the base of tube feet.Mouth ventrally and the anus dorsally.
Spicules: Dorsal body wall contains dense branched rosettes and small rods with simple branches.Ventral body wall with perforated grains, simpler branched rosettes than those of dorsal, branched rods and spinose small plates.
Remarks -the specimen from Comores (Massin et al. 1999) shows brown-red at the base of each papillae.

Remarks -
diagnosis -In ethanol, color uniformly black with irregular white patches on the dorsal area.The ventral side white with tube feet spread all over the trivium.
Spicules: Both dorsal and ventral integument had tables and button.Tables were moderate in size, round disc, edge of the disc undulating or smooth, perforation with several small holes in the center and numerous small holes periphery; spire ended with dense spines and rounded crown; a few tall tables with small crown.Buttons were numerous with 3-8 pairs of holes with nodules and undulating edge.
Remark -This species was found among juveniles of Holothuria scabra, and look similar in appearance except irregular white patch on the dorsal area.distribution -Madagascar, Indonesia (Ekas Bay, East Lombok).
Spicules: table, button and rod spicules imbedded in both ventral and dorsal integument.Tables with smooth disc, perforated by four large central holes and 8-10 peripheral holes; spire was moderate ended with spinose and rounded crown.Buttons were numerous, smooth, elongated or sometimes encircled with regular or irregular 5-6 holes.Rods were perforated at the extremities.
Remark -Buttons were similar with Holothuria arenicola, except for the rounded buttons.This is the second report of this species in Indonesia, following that from Seram Island, Maluku.
distribution -Madagascar, Indonesia (Seram and Lombok).Remark -Conical and papillae in observed specimen was denser than that reported from Comoros by Samyn et al. (2006).Without spicule examination, this species is easy to be misidentified as T. ananas.

dIsCussIoN
Six species described in this paper have rarely or never been reported before.Two other species, H. gracilis and T. rubralineata have been reported to be present in eastern and central Indonesian waters (Setyastuti, 2010;Massin & Lane, 1991).These species were not in the list of fished holothurians of Asia compiled by Chou (2008).Apparently, more species have been entering the fishery, supporting the assumption of Purwati et al. (2010).A. bannwarthi and A. miliaris in Karimunjawa (islands north of Java) were called teripang sepatu (Purwati et al. 2011).The similarity in overall appearance made both species were given the same trepang name.Misleading also occurred in Stichopus pseudohorrens that we believed to be potentially misidentified as Thelenota ananas, which has been well known for such long time as teripang nanas.
Both species have large body size with enlarged leaf-like papillae all over the upper side.
Taxonomy is one of many aspects which slowdown the progress of sustainable fishery and conservation programs.Each producing country may have their own composition in the main species targets, and because each population of the targets potentially showed specific population condition and biological charaters, changing in species composition entering the market may be temporary.Otherwise, species and population depletion may not recover.In those perspective, and because the environment changed in many ways and fishing has been more intensified, taxonomic study should be encouraged in Indonesia that is one of the largest trepang producing countries.One of the sea cucumber prospects is uncovering their optional values through bioprospecting for human health.